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<!-- To view this file, download free mind mapping software FreeMind from http://freemind.sourceforge.net -->
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<node CREATED="1151628160401" HGAP="23" ID="Freemind_Link_951096499" MODIFIED="1151628826689" TEXT="-----1910----------1920----------1930----------1940----------1950" VSHIFT="2">
<node CREATED="1151628279973" ID="Freemind_Link_201224141" MODIFIED="1151628845025" TEXT="-----1960----------1970----------1980----------1990----------2000" VSHIFT="2"/>
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<node CREATED="1151628437559" FOLDED="true" HGAP="22" ID="Freemind_Link_922324803" MODIFIED="1151679177036" POSITION="right" TEXT="Settlement movement" VSHIFT="2">
<node CREATED="1151633626060" HGAP="86" ID="Freemind_Link_1014639074" MODIFIED="1151633689371" TEXT="1889-WWI" VSHIFT="-2">
<node CREATED="1151628619200" ID="Freemind_Link_225164884" MODIFIED="1151628693407" TEXT="It helped to alter the belief that human distress and poverty originated from an individual&apos;s moral weakness."/>
<node CREATED="1151628696181" ID="Freemind_Link_1949314502" MODIFIED="1151628769587" TEXT="Human problems are caused by individual factors (such as personality traits) as well as environmental determinants (such as inadequate housing, limited employment opportunities, lack of education, poor health care, and institutional racism)."/>
<node CREATED="1151628770468" ID="Freemind_Link_979961037" MODIFIED="1151633553235" TEXT="This realization evolved into the person-in-environment approach." VSHIFT="-15"/>
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<node CREATED="1151628299140" ID="Freemind_Link_666925562" MODIFIED="1151628578612" TEXT="Jane Addams (1860-1935)" VSHIFT="-7"/>
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<node CREATED="1151629324184" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_824136626" MODIFIED="1151679194391" POSITION="right" TEXT="COS Movement" VSHIFT="-1">
<node CREATED="1151629366275" HGAP="93" ID="Freemind_Link_587810030" MODIFIED="1151633820039" TEXT="188?-1900" VSHIFT="-8">
<node CREATED="1151628854649" ID="Freemind_Link_1674356860" MODIFIED="1151628963856" TEXT="Charity Organization Societies (COS)"/>
<node CREATED="1151629077169" ID="Freemind_Link_1165661695" MODIFIED="1151629593291" TEXT="Friendly visitor: a respectful, successful, &quot;moral&quot; volunteer from the community."/>
<node CREATED="1151629173267" ID="Freemind_Link_786208733" MODIFIED="1151629238791" TEXT="Because poverty was considered to be the consequence of moral failure, friendly visitors were, by their good example and leadership, supposed to lift poor people from their destitution."/>
<node CREATED="1151629011404" ID="Freemind_Link_392149378" MODIFIED="1151629062087" TEXT="The stated objective of the COS was to eliminate sentimental almsgiving and replace it with scientific case investigation and organized and efficient delivery of services."/>
<node CREATED="1151629516931" ID="Freemind_Link_906673664" MODIFIED="1151629583547" TEXT="District agents in the COS registered cases to eliminate duplication of services. They also determined the &quot;worthiness&quot; of each case, making judgments regarding individuals&apos; capacity to reverse their &quot;dependency&quot;."/>
<node CREATED="1151629646938" ID="Freemind_Link_1021928548" MODIFIED="1151629715296" TEXT="By 1900, when the participants in the COS movement began to realize that poverty had more to do with social, economic, and psychological factors than personal moral shortcomings, the era of friendly visiting drew to a close."/>
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<node CREATED="1151629902766" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_312807886" MODIFIED="1151681658274" POSITION="right" TEXT="Diagnostic School" VSHIFT="-11">
<node CREATED="1151633927483" HGAP="329" ID="Freemind_Link_1979364157" MODIFIED="1151634230249" TEXT="1920s" VSHIFT="4">
<node CREATED="1151630042787" ID="Freemind_Link_40259264" MODIFIED="1151630076225" TEXT="Psychoanalytic approach (Freudian approach)"/>
<node CREATED="1151630076957" ID="Freemind_Link_965559119" MODIFIED="1151630183480" TEXT="Emphasized diagnosis based on an investigation of the history of the client and treatment based on uncovering and understanding early childhood trauma."/>
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<node CREATED="1151629720514" ID="Freemind_Link_127656664" MODIFIED="1151635403155" TEXT="Mary Richmond (1861-1928)" VSHIFT="13">
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<node CREATED="1151629998504" ID="Freemind_Link_493104005" MODIFIED="1151630040384" TEXT="This presented techniques for investigation, diagnosis, and treatment."/>
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<node CREATED="1151635205541" HGAP="137" ID="Freemind_Link_13383120" MODIFIED="1151635446898" TEXT="Gordon Hamilton (1892-1967)" VSHIFT="-6">
<node CREATED="1151636084104" ID="Freemind_Link_497153894" MODIFIED="1151636101509" TEXT="Columbia U"/>
<node CREATED="1151635270354" HGAP="136" ID="Freemind_Link_1608254465" MODIFIED="1151635500014" TEXT="Social case recording (1936, 1938)" VSHIFT="5"/>
<node CREATED="1151635270354" HGAP="206" ID="Freemind_Link_209150112" MODIFIED="1151635489780" TEXT="Principles of social case recording (1946)" VSHIFT="-2"/>
<node CREATED="1151635270364" HGAP="168" ID="Freemind_Link_1122224165" MODIFIED="1151635473226" TEXT="Theory and practice of social case work (1940, 1951)" VSHIFT="1"/>
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<node CREATED="1151636886869" HGAP="153" ID="Freemind_Link_1087661248" MODIFIED="1151642840740" TEXT="Towle, Charlotte (1896-1966)">
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<node CREATED="1151636932524" ID="Freemind_Link_425544719" MODIFIED="1151636962007" TEXT="U Chicago"/>
<node CREATED="1151636994483" ID="Freemind_Link_1067838596" MODIFIED="1151637013991" TEXT="Generic casework curriculum"/>
<node CREATED="1151636962768" ID="Freemind_Link_1595976830" MODIFIED="1151636966353" TEXT="Client-centered casework"/>
<node CREATED="1151636950330" HGAP="184" ID="Freemind_Link_1338414849" MODIFIED="1151696698020" TEXT="Social case records from psychiatric clinics (1941)" VSHIFT="-13"/>
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<node CREATED="1151636039030" HGAP="242" ID="Freemind_Link_1615506870" MODIFIED="1151636163669" TEXT="Florence Hollis (1907-1987)" VSHIFT="-16">
<node CREATED="1151636132844" ID="Freemind_Link_1258584647" MODIFIED="1151636148767" TEXT="CWRU"/>
<node CREATED="1151636186361" HGAP="256" ID="Freemind_Link_585143596" MODIFIED="1151636209254" TEXT="Casework: a psychosocial therapy (1964, 1972, 1981, 1990)"/>
<node CREATED="1151636186361" HGAP="280" ID="Freemind_Link_555948083" MODIFIED="1151636219559" TEXT="A typology of casework treatment (1968)"/>
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<node CREATED="1151642136958" ID="Freemind_Link_1842788916" MODIFIED="1151642198496" TEXT="Francis Turner">
<node CREATED="1151642362282" ID="Freemind_Link_1141443726" MODIFIED="1151642420916" TEXT="Wilfrid Laurier U"/>
<node CREATED="1151642226286" HGAP="563" ID="Freemind_Link_1463534727" MODIFIED="1151642450519" TEXT="Differential diagnosis and treatment in social work (1968, 1976, 1983)" VSHIFT="-1"/>
<node CREATED="1151642182423" HGAP="640" ID="Freemind_Link_1230858488" MODIFIED="1151642505278" TEXT="Social Work Treatment (1979, 1986, 1996)"/>
<node CREATED="1151642307483" HGAP="643" ID="Freemind_Link_1575928902" MODIFIED="1151642498057" TEXT="Psychosocial Therapy (1978)" VSHIFT="-6"/>
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<node CREATED="1151642556631" ID="Freemind_Link_194906308" MODIFIED="1151642565514" TEXT="Herbert Strean">
<node CREATED="1151642565274" ID="Freemind_Link_680778468" MODIFIED="1151642591992" TEXT="Rutgers U."/>
<node CREATED="1151642593214" ID="Freemind_Link_1194099300" MODIFIED="1151642623588" TEXT="The union between clinical social work and psychoanalysis."/>
<node CREATED="1151642695251" HGAP="645" ID="Freemind_Link_1148701042" MODIFIED="1151642767455" TEXT="Clinical social work (1978)" VSHIFT="-1"/>
<node CREATED="1151642707669" HGAP="654" ID="Freemind_Link_1333408835" MODIFIED="1151679132272" TEXT="Psychoanalytic theory and social work practice. (1979)" VSHIFT="-5"/>
<node CREATED="1151642726055" HGAP="754" ID="Freemind_Link_1809809184" MODIFIED="1151642901908" TEXT="Essentials of psychoanalysis. (1994)" VSHIFT="-1"/>
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<node CREATED="1151630239250" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_442774012" MODIFIED="1151636722432" POSITION="right" TEXT="Functional School">
<node CREATED="1151634176141" FOLDED="true" HGAP="405" ID="Freemind_Link_825580331" MODIFIED="1151635125125" TEXT="1930s-1950s" VSHIFT="-17">
<node CREATED="1151634755143" ID="Freemind_Link_689491588" MODIFIED="1151634758328" TEXT="Rankinan approach"/>
<node CREATED="1151634769234" ID="Freemind_Link_260501233" MODIFIED="1151634777245" TEXT="U Penn"/>
<node CREATED="1151634842930" ID="Freemind_Link_1998255883" MODIFIED="1151634934561" TEXT="People were not the end products of their pasts but were capable of continually creating and recreating themselves through the exercise of their will."/>
<node CREATED="1151634986055" ID="Freemind_Link_840209517" MODIFIED="1151635026914" TEXT="Use &quot;helping process&quot; instead of &quot;treatment&quot;."/>
<node CREATED="1151635027655" ID="Freemind_Link_1378417292" MODIFIED="1151635119828" TEXT="Exploration of the past, interpretation, and the setting of treatment goals were not a part of the functional school. The proponents of the functional school felt that the client&apos;s growth could not be predicted; therefore, there was no diagnostic labeling or concern with a specific outcome."/>
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<node CREATED="1151634431037" HGAP="92" ID="Freemind_Link_1819162286" MODIFIED="1151638915476" TEXT="(Julia) Jessie Taft (1882-1960)" VSHIFT="5">
<node CREATED="1151639320148" ID="Freemind_Link_465470943" MODIFIED="1151639356069" TEXT="U Penn" VSHIFT="14"/>
<node CREATED="1151639044061" HGAP="183" ID="Freemind_Link_197856754" MODIFIED="1151639270316" TEXT="The relation of function to process in social case work. (1937)">
<node CREATED="1151639154159" ID="Freemind_Link_563807301" MODIFIED="1151639231891" TEXT="Journal of social work process, 1 (3), 1-18. In Robinson (Ed.), Jessie Taft, therapist and social work educator: A professional biography. (1962)"/>
<node CREATED="1151639437586" ID="Freemind_Link_1754421402" MODIFIED="1151639509310" TEXT="Use of agency function."/>
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<node CREATED="1151634271238" HGAP="264" ID="Freemind_Link_1053442805" MODIFIED="1151635858430" TEXT="A functional approach to family case work (1944)" VSHIFT="4"/>
<node CREATED="1151634535327" HGAP="283" ID="Freemind_Link_1297954615" MODIFIED="1151635853262" TEXT="Family casework and counseling, a functional approach (1948)" VSHIFT="-2"/>
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<node CREATED="1151634641069" HGAP="91" ID="Freemind_Link_1999416003" MODIFIED="1151635995477" TEXT="Virginia Robinson (1883-1977)" VSHIFT="-10">
<node CREATED="1151639307800" ID="Freemind_Link_776937872" MODIFIED="1151639316312" TEXT="U Penn"/>
<node CREATED="1151639511032" HGAP="144" ID="Freemind_Link_350191536" MODIFIED="1151639613169" TEXT="A changing psychology of social casework (1930)" VSHIFT="1"/>
<node CREATED="1151635909533" HGAP="187" ID="Freemind_Link_1404951673" MODIFIED="1151635926358" TEXT="Supervision in social case work, a problem in professional education (1936)" VSHIFT="-8"/>
<node CREATED="1151634711781" HGAP="243" ID="Freemind_Link_1936421626" MODIFIED="1151635986274" TEXT="Training for skill in social case work (1942)" VSHIFT="-4"/>
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<node CREATED="1151635713672" HGAP="211" ID="Freemind_Link_742288874" MODIFIED="1151680996021" TEXT="Ruth Smalley (1903-1979)" VSHIFT="-2">
<node CREATED="1151681101453" ID="Freemind_Link_571656556" MODIFIED="1151681104618" TEXT="U Penn"/>
<node CREATED="1151681086171" ID="Freemind_Link_887332733" MODIFIED="1151681096786" TEXT="Contribute to school social work"/>
<node CREATED="1151635893340" HGAP="307" ID="Freemind_Link_1895647514" MODIFIED="1151681130765" TEXT="Theory for social work practice (1967)" VSHIFT="1"/>
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<node CREATED="1151636384757" FOLDED="true" HGAP="21" ID="Freemind_Link_778392661" MODIFIED="1151679280685" POSITION="right" TEXT="Crisis Intervention Model / Short-term Therapy" VSHIFT="-4">
<node CREATED="1151679322495" ID="Freemind_Link_962761975" MODIFIED="1151679364265" TEXT="By the 1980s, crisis intervention and planned short-term intervention had been assimilated into mainstream social work practice."/>
<node CREATED="1151636465002" HGAP="214" ID="Freemind_Link_1210364074" MODIFIED="1151696826134" TEXT="Lydia Rapoport (1923-1971)" VSHIFT="-2">
<node CREATED="1151636520402" ID="Freemind_Link_1057700834" MODIFIED="1151636544997" TEXT="UC Berkeley, Harvard U"/>
<node CREATED="1151636552468" HGAP="24" ID="Freemind_Link_1196806382" MODIFIED="1151678147686" TEXT="Creativity in social work : selected writings of Lydia Rapoport (1975)" VSHIFT="-12"/>
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<node CREATED="1151636638291" ID="Freemind_Link_891915312" MODIFIED="1151636683837" TEXT="Naomi Golan">
<node CREATED="1151679436609" ID="Freemind_Link_25075618" MODIFIED="1151679502063" TEXT="U of Wisconsin-Madison, UC Berkeley, U of Southern California, Smith College, U of Haifa"/>
<node CREATED="1151636683616" HGAP="474" ID="Freemind_Link_653613929" MODIFIED="1151679299732" TEXT="Treatment in crisis situations. (1978)" VSHIFT="1"/>
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<node CREATED="1151637087277" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_533922035" MODIFIED="1151637109629" POSITION="right" TEXT="Problem-solving Model">
<node CREATED="1151637124390" ID="Freemind_Link_1307313327" MODIFIED="1151637128106" TEXT="&#x201c;Chicago School&#x201d; of social service practice"/>
<node CREATED="1151637138060" ID="Freemind_Link_583727130" MODIFIED="1151637395550" TEXT="Perlman, Helen Harris (1906-2004)">
<node CREATED="1151637224374" ID="Freemind_Link_1601847936" MODIFIED="1151637234589" TEXT="U Chicago"/>
<node CREATED="1151637208992" HGAP="340" ID="Freemind_Link_1259598777" MODIFIED="1151637258633" TEXT="Social casework, a problem-solving process (1957)" VSHIFT="-1"/>
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<node CREATED="1151640000105" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_1840522996" MODIFIED="1151640041705" POSITION="right" TEXT="Task-Centered">
<node CREATED="1151641318681" ID="Freemind_Link_1005370508" MODIFIED="1151692587639" TEXT="William Reid">
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<node CREATED="1151641997157" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_84348317" MODIFIED="1151641999931" TEXT="Root">
<node CREATED="1151641387941" ID="Freemind_Link_1335567916" MODIFIED="1151641682955" TEXT="Although the task-coentered model grew out of the psychodynamic tradition and retained some elements of it, the central feature of the model was in sharp contrast to the psychodynamic tradition. And was designed to be brief-- 6 to 12 sessions."/>
<node CREATED="1151641473925" ID="Freemind_Link_60343259" MODIFIED="1151641973633" TEXT="Traditional practice emphazes on &quot;underlying problem&quot; downplaying the clients&apos; presenting problems and what they actually said they wanted help with. Task-centered approach emphasizes on helping clients with their &quot;expressed considered requests&quot;."/>
<node CREATED="1151641791872" ID="Freemind_Link_1723196881" MODIFIED="1151641921899" TEXT="Reid contributed to making practice research, problem specificity, structure, and client action more acceptable to traditionally oriented practitioners. Because the task-centered approach had its origins in social work practice, used social work language, and retained some of the components of psychodynamic practice, it was viewed in a more receptive light than when these ideas were advanced in a more radical form by behaviorists and others."/>
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<node CREATED="1151641356175" HGAP="762" ID="Freemind_Link_1480215830" MODIFIED="1151642069551" TEXT="Task strategies : an empirical approach to clinical social work (1992)"/>
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<node CREATED="1151642113304" ID="Freemind_Link_1664844280" MODIFIED="1151643619139" TEXT="Laura Epstein">
<node CREATED="1151643648842" ID="Freemind_Link_1070641678" MODIFIED="1151643654740" TEXT="U Chicago"/>
<node CREATED="1151643645928" HGAP="617" ID="Freemind_Link_1862270216" MODIFIED="1151643702259" TEXT="Task-centered casework (Reid &amp; Epstein, 1972)"/>
<node CREATED="1151643645928" HGAP="752" ID="Freemind_Link_340377532" MODIFIED="1151643723529" TEXT="Brief treatment and a new look at the task-centered approach (Epstein, 1992, 2002)" VSHIFT="-6"/>
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<node CREATED="1151640042606" FOLDED="true" ID="Freemind_Link_505382227" MODIFIED="1151698017117" POSITION="right" TEXT="Ecosystems Perspective">
<node CREATED="1151640070897" ID="Freemind_Link_1669255688" MODIFIED="1151640080120" TEXT="Ann Hartman">
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<node CREATED="1151640385129" FOLDED="true" HGAP="607" ID="Freemind_Link_1070655821" MODIFIED="1151640558568" TEXT="Diagrammatic assessment of family relationships (1978)" VSHIFT="2">
<node CREATED="1151640409684" ID="Freemind_Link_1793729573" MODIFIED="1151640430875" TEXT="Social Casework, 59, 465-476."/>
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<node CREATED="1151640473586" HGAP="650" ID="Freemind_Link_1537321209" MODIFIED="1151640544969" TEXT="Family centered social work practice (1983)" VSHIFT="-20"/>
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<node CREATED="1151640082283" ID="Freemind_Link_1557769296" MODIFIED="1151640086860" TEXT="Carol Meyer">
<node CREATED="1151640971873" ID="Freemind_Link_1998703799" MODIFIED="1151640977250" TEXT="Columbia U"/>
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<node CREATED="1151640774369" ID="Freemind_Link_1621534400" MODIFIED="1151640874062" TEXT="She developed the ecosystems perspective, a framework for practice that &quot;allows the clinician to view cases holistically, that is, to recognize the interrelatedness of each person to his or her environment&quot;, and utilized the ecomap to graphically locate the client within its social context."/>
<node CREATED="1151640874893" ID="Freemind_Link_600663029" MODIFIED="1151640922422" TEXT="She change the common terminology from study, diagnosis, and treatment to exploration, assessment, and intervention in order to shift the discipline away from a medical identity."/>
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<node CREATED="1151640090255" HGAP="549" ID="Freemind_Link_740345164" MODIFIED="1151679012409" TEXT="Social work practice (1970)" VSHIFT="-20"/>
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<node CREATED="1151640215755" ID="Freemind_Link_278535350" MODIFIED="1151640249824" TEXT="Carel Germain">
<node CREATED="1151684671356" ID="Freemind_Link_1537400910" MODIFIED="1151684684846" TEXT="Columbia U, U of Connecticut"/>
<node CREATED="1151640249584" ID="Freemind_Link_394806127" MODIFIED="1151640291925" TEXT="a systems perspective and an ecological metaphor for thinking about practice."/>
<node CREATED="1151684835953" HGAP="585" ID="Freemind_Link_462362054" MODIFIED="1151685015732" TEXT="Social work practice: people and environments-- an ecological approach (1979)"/>
<node CREATED="1151684902559" HGAP="608" ID="Freemind_Link_1650864962" MODIFIED="1151685055038" TEXT="The life model of social work practice. (Germain &amp; Gitterman, 1980)" VSHIFT="-3"/>
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<node CREATED="1151679622687" ID="Freemind_Link_633765138" MODIFIED="1151679827992" TEXT="Max Siporin">
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<node CREATED="1151680392393" ID="Freemind_Link_1675784370" MODIFIED="1151680408477" TEXT="SUNY Albany"/>
<node CREATED="1151679635385" HGAP="595" ID="Freemind_Link_728623735" MODIFIED="1151681224760" TEXT="Introduction to social work practice (1975)"/>
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<node CREATED="1151679677896" ID="Freemind_Link_1171371235" MODIFIED="1151679701150" TEXT="Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 7 (4) 507-532."/>
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<node CREATED="1151692487866" ID="Freemind_Link_1669669261" MODIFIED="1151692542715" TEXT="U of Hawaii"/>
<node CREATED="1151692258416" FOLDED="true" HGAP="678" ID="Freemind_Link_857385375" MODIFIED="1151692564196" TEXT="Effective Casework Practice: An eclectic approach (1978)">
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<node CREATED="1151692262973" FOLDED="true" HGAP="680" ID="Freemind_Link_207418136" MODIFIED="1151692568642" TEXT="The effectiveness of social casework (1978)" VSHIFT="-11">
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<node CREATED="1151643122886" ID="Freemind_Link_1035411165" MODIFIED="1151643213907" TEXT="She was vocal in her efforts to get rid of the professional boundaries between social work, psychiatry, and psychology. She felt that although the disciplines had different roots, they all needed to know the same things in order to help clients."/>
<node CREATED="1151643216290" ID="Freemind_Link_1317168523" MODIFIED="1151643275655" TEXT="Satir is one of a significant number of social workers who dismissed the orthodoxy of psychoanalysis in favor of the exploration of the human potential movement of the 1960s."/>
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<node CREATED="1151683875161" FOLDED="true" HGAP="592" ID="Freemind_Link_1632339527" MODIFIED="1151683988805" TEXT="Psychosocial Practice in Small Groups (1976)" VSHIFT="-5">
<node CREATED="1151683907889" ID="Freemind_Link_1684027604" MODIFIED="1151683912565" TEXT="In Robert W. Roberts &amp; Helen Northern (Eds.), Theories of Social Work with Groups (pp. 116-52)."/>
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<node CREATED="1151677469360" ID="Freemind_Link_1229985670" MODIFIED="1151677559230" TEXT="Clinical practice that utilizes techniques whose efficacy is supported by the results of scientific investigation. Using real people with real problems as subjects, researchers determine if assessment and intervention techniques live up to the claims of the clinicians who use them."/>
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<node CREATED="1151678577914" ID="Freemind_Link_552494148" MODIFIED="1151678899507" TEXT="It was in the 1960s that she first came to the conviction that individual treatment is not merely a way to help clients adapt to a sick society." VSHIFT="14"/>
<node CREATED="1151678685409" ID="Freemind_Link_1934284520" MODIFIED="1151678794576" TEXT="Individual are meaning-making beings. &quot;What matters in determining the client&apos;s problem-solving behavior is not necessarily the situation in which the client finds himself or herself as viewed from a purely external or objective point of view. Instead, it is the manner in which the client construes that situation that is of special significance&quot;."/>
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